Acadres Consulting

International Journal of Social Sciences & Economic Environment

IMPACT OF LENGTH OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION ON ORPHANS’ LIFE SKILLS IN RELATION TO GENDER

Dr. Franky Rani, Ms. Monika Luthra

Dr. Franky Rani, Ms. Monika Luthra

1Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Research Scholar, Department of Education Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India

ORCID: 0009-0009-6955-3037

DOI : http://doi.org/10.53882/IJSSEE.2024.0901008 Page No : 122-148

Published Online : 2024-06-30

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ABSTRACT

Aim: The purpose of the current study was to investigate how the length of institutionalization of orphans affected their life skills with regard to gender. The research setting for this study is Children Homes and registered Child Care Institutes (Amritsar district, Punjab) under the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Act, 2015.

Methodology: A sample of 200 orphan students ageing between 12 to 18 years was randomly selected from these institutions for the present study. The Life Skill Scale as well as a demographic sheet with information on age, gender, and period of institutionalization were employed as study instruments to gather the data. To examine the data, a two-way ANOVA and t-test were employed.

Findings: The length of institutionalization, or less number of years an orphan stays in such an institution, was found to be associated with greater life skills than more in number of years an orphan stays in such an institution. Second, there are gender-based differences in life skills among orphan students. Female orphan students have better life skills than male orphans.

Practical Implication: The significance of this research extends to healthcare, as it emphasizes the need for tailored intervention programs that address the distinctive developmental trajectories of orphans according to their gender and duration in care.

Originality/Value: The study calls for policy reforms in institutional practices to enhance life skills programming, ultimately aiming to improve the future independence and well-being of orphans transitioning out of care, thereby contributing to broader discussions on child welfare and institutional reform.

Keywords: Life Skills, Length of Institutionalization, Gender

REFERENCES:

Akintola Olagoke, Gamuchirai Loraine. Chikoko (2016). Factors influencing motivation and job satisfaction among supervisors of community health workers in marginalized communities in South Africa. Volume (14). Human Resources for Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-016-0151-6
Asher, S. R., Hymel, S., & Renshaw, P. D. (1984). Loneliness in children. Child Development, 55, 1456-1464.
Bernstein, G. A., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1986). School phobia: The overlap of affective and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 235-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60231-4
Bos, A. E. R., Huijding, J. et. al (2010). Global, contingent and implicit selfesteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 311–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.025
Boucher, Rosellen (2021). Benefits of Creative Therapies with Adoption and Complex Trauma: A Literature Review. Retrieved From: https://core.ac.uk/download/427080066.pdf
Boulton, M. J., & Smith, P. K. (1994). Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: Stability, self perceived competence, peer perceptions and peer acceptance. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 315-329. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1994.tb00637.x
Budithi et al. (2016). Well-Being, Psychosocial Problems and Social Interaction Anxiety in Children. International Journal of Indian Psychology 3(4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/0304.060
Browne, K. (2009). The risk of harm to young children in institutional care. London, Save the Children UK. On December 15, 2012. Retrieved From: http://www.crin.org/docs/The_Risk_of_Harm.pdf
Englefield Bruce, Simone A. Blackman, Melissa Starling, Paul McGreevy (2019). A Review of Australian Animal Welfare Legislation, Regulation, Codes of Practice, and Policy, and Their Influence on Stakeholders Caring for Wildlife and the Animals for Whom They Care. Volume(9), 335-335. Animals. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060335
Byrd, R. S., Weitzman, M., & Auinger, P. (1997). Increased behavior problems associated with delayed school entry and delayed school progress. Pediatrics, 100, 654-661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.100.4.654
Chansky, T. E., & Kendall, P. C. (1997). Social expectancies and self-perceptions in anxiety-disordered children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 347-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00015-7
Dasthagir K. G. & Arun K. (2024), “Gender Issues in Engendering Sustainable Water User Associations: Patriarchal Challenges to Legislative Strategy in South India”, International Journal of Social Sciences & Economic Environment, Vol. 9, Issue1, 2024, pp 16-35, DOI: http://doi.org/10.53882/IJSSEE.2024.0901002
Dorsey, Shannon & Kerns, Suzanne & Harrison, Julie & Lambert, Hilary & Briggs, Ernestine & Cox, Julia & Amaya-Jackson, Lisa. (2016). Evidence Base Update for Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents Exposed to Traumatic Events. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 46. 1-28. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1220309.
Fareesa Malik, Brian Nicholson (2019). Understanding the interplay of institutional logics and management practices in impact sourcing. Volume(30), 125-149. Information Systems Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12254
Friedman, H. S., & Taylor, S. E.., 2011. Social Support: A Review; Oxford University Press. In: Friedman HS, editor. The Handbook of Health Psychology; p. 189–214, Retrieved From: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-01232-009
Hughes (David 2017). Energy without Conscience. . Duke University Press eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822373360
Irman Irman, Silvianetri Silvianetri, et. al (2023). The Effectiveness of the Biblio Counseling Model to Increase the Adversity Quotient of Adolescents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jt.v26i2.10103
Joseph (2008). The Moral Mind: How Five Sets of Innate Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0019 Ta'dib. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f211a936080a248cb5d02ffa0baf87c55370ee99
Keenan, T. (2002). Negative affect predicts performance on an object permanence task. Developmental Science, 5(1), 65–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00210
Konu, T. P., Lintonen, M. K., & Rimpelä, A. (2002). Factors associated with School children's general subjective well-being. Health Education Research, 17(2), 155-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/17.2.155
La Greca, A. M., Dandes, S. K., Wick, P., Shaw, K., & Stone, W. L. (1988). Development of the Social Anxiety Scale for Children: Reliability and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17(1), 84–91.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1701_11
M. Indiana, E. Sagone (2022). Gender positivity in sicilian preadolescents: gender differences in life skills, well-being, and coping strategies. Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2022.n1.v2.2349
Martin-Sölch, Chantal, et. al (2016). The process of institutionalization-deinstitutionalization and children’s psychological adjustment in Rwanda:: Parents matter. Retrieved From: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309413465_The_process_of_institutionalization-deinstitutionalization_and_children%27s_psychological_adjustment_in_Rwanda_Parents_matter
Novelle, Michelle (2016). The availability and role of non-parental identity agents for institutionalized male adolescent social orphans in Colombia: Child and youth services review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.024
O. Abdullah, et al (2021). Gender Differences in Computational Thinking Skills among Malaysian’s Primary School Students using Visual Programming. 2021 International Conference on Software Engineering & Computer Systems and 4th International Conference on Computational Science and Information Management (ICSECS-ICOCSIM). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSECS52883.2021.00125
O. Beauchet, Christine et. al (2014). From industrial research to academic discoveries, toward a new concept of partnership: the Biomathics model. Volume (5). Frontiers in Pharmacology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00166
Okolnycha T et al., (2022). Preserving national identity of Ukrainian higher education in the context of globalization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36690/2733-2039-2022-5-42
Ottawa (1986). First International Conference on Health Promotion. Retrieved From: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/1986/11/21/default-calendar/first-international-conference-on-health-promotion
Orvaschel, H., Beeferman et. al (1997). Depression, self-esteem, sex, and age in a child and adolescent clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 285-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2603_7
Padmaja, Gadiraju & Sushma et. al (2014). Psychosocial problems and well being in institutionalized and non-institutionalized children. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 19. 59-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-191025964
Prajina, (2015). A Study on the Impact of Life Skills on the Academic Achievement Motivation of Tribal Adolescents. Retrieved From: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_issues_pdf/2015/October/October_2015_1444908889__79.pdf
Riahi, M. Verdinia, et. al (2011). He representative concentration pathways: an overview. Climatic Change. This issue. Climatic Change 109(1):5-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z
Rosanne op den Kelder, et. al (2018). Executive functions in trauma-exposed youth: a meta-analysis. Volume(9). European journal of psychotraumatology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1450595
Sakshi Bhardwaj, Sakshi Bhardwaj (2022). Assessment of Traumatic Dental Injuries among Institutionalized Orphan Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Volume (15), 124-127. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1959
Sana Nawaz, Dr. et. al (2023). Resilience as Moderator Between Posttraumatic Stress and Suicidal Ideation among Institutionalized Orphans. Foundation University Journal of Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v7i2.270
Santrock, J.W. (2004). Educational Psychology. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Retrieved From https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-06589-000
Tommaso Fornasari (2022), “Gender Balance Above Corporate Governance Quotas”, International Journal of Social Sciences & Economic Environment, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2022, pp 01–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53882/IJSSEE.2022.0702001
Ule M et al., (2015). Simply the best for my children’: patterns of parental involvement in education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2014.987852
UNICEF, (2015). The State of the World’s Children 2015. Reimagine the future: Innovation for every child. Retrieved From: https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2015
UNICEF. (2012). Adolescence. Retrieved From: 16.6.2016 http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/children_adolescence.html
UNICEF’s (2014). Annual Results Reports outline what the organization set out to do in the first year of its Strategic Plan 2014–2017. Retrieved From: https://www.unicef.org/reports/2014-annual-results-reports
VanLew, Kelly (2018). Attachment Style: How Pre-Adoptive Trauma Influences International Adoptees. Retrieved From: https://core.ac.uk/download/213462638.pdf
Vranda, M., & Rao, M. (2011). Life Skills Education for Young Adolescents and Indian Experience. Journal of The Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37(Special Issue), 9-15. Retrieved From: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293431585_Life_skills_education_for_young_adolescents_-_Indian_experience
Waddoups Anne Bentley, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Kendra Strouf (2019). Developmental Effects of Parent–Child Separation. Volume(1), 387-410. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085142
Whetten, K et al., (2009). A Comparison of the Wellbeing of Orphans and Abandoned Children Ages 6–12 in Institutional and Community-Based Care Settings in 5 Less Wealthy Nations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008169
WHO, (2015). World health statistics 2015. World Health Organization. Retrieved From: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/170250
Yosra Sherif, A. Azman, et. al (2023). Effectiveness of Life Skills Intervention on Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Volume(30), 42 - 59. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2023.30.3.4
Zima, B. T., Wells, et. al (1994). Emotional and behavioral problems and severe academic delays among sheltered homeless children in Los Angeles County. American Journal of Public Health, 84(2), 260-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.84.2.260

Rani F. Luthra M. (2024), “Impact Of Length Of Institutionalization On Orphans’ Life Skills In Relation To Gender”, International Journal of Social Sciences & Economic Environment, Vol. 9, Issue1, 2024, pp. 122-148 DOI: http://doi.org/10.53882/IJSSEE.2024.0901008

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REFERENCES:

Akintola Olagoke, Gamuchirai Loraine. Chikoko (2016). Factors influencing motivation and job satisfaction among supervisors of community health workers in marginalized communities in South Africa. Volume (14). Human Resources for Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-016-0151-6
Asher, S. R., Hymel, S., & Renshaw, P. D. (1984). Loneliness in children. Child Development, 55, 1456-1464.
Bernstein, G. A., & Garfinkel, B. D. (1986). School phobia: The overlap of affective and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 235-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60231-4
Bos, A. E. R., Huijding, J. et. al (2010). Global, contingent and implicit selfesteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 311–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.025
Boucher, Rosellen (2021). Benefits of Creative Therapies with Adoption and Complex Trauma: A Literature Review. Retrieved From: https://core.ac.uk/download/427080066.pdf
Boulton, M. J., & Smith, P. K. (1994). Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: Stability, self perceived competence, peer perceptions and peer acceptance. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 315-329. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1994.tb00637.x
Budithi et al. (2016). Well-Being, Psychosocial Problems and Social Interaction Anxiety in Children. International Journal of Indian Psychology 3(4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/0304.060
Browne, K. (2009). The risk of harm to young children in institutional care. London, Save the Children UK. On December 15, 2012. Retrieved From: http://www.crin.org/docs/The_Risk_of_Harm.pdf
Englefield Bruce, Simone A. Blackman, Melissa Starling, Paul McGreevy (2019). A Review of Australian Animal Welfare Legislation, Regulation, Codes of Practice, and Policy, and Their Influence on Stakeholders Caring for Wildlife and the Animals for Whom They Care. Volume(9), 335-335. Animals. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060335
Byrd, R. S., Weitzman, M., & Auinger, P. (1997). Increased behavior problems associated with delayed school entry and delayed school progress. Pediatrics, 100, 654-661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.100.4.654
Chansky, T. E., & Kendall, P. C. (1997). Social expectancies and self-perceptions in anxiety-disordered children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 347-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00015-7
Dasthagir K. G. & Arun K. (2024), “Gender Issues in Engendering Sustainable Water User Associations: Patriarchal Challenges to Legislative Strategy in South India”, International Journal of Social Sciences & Economic Environment, Vol. 9, Issue1, 2024, pp 16-35, DOI: http://doi.org/10.53882/IJSSEE.2024.0901002
Dorsey, Shannon & Kerns, Suzanne & Harrison, Julie & Lambert, Hilary & Briggs, Ernestine & Cox, Julia & Amaya-Jackson, Lisa. (2016). Evidence Base Update for Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents Exposed to Traumatic Events. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 46. 1-28. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1220309.
Fareesa Malik, Brian Nicholson (2019). Understanding the interplay of institutional logics and management practices in impact sourcing. Volume(30), 125-149. Information Systems Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12254
Friedman, H. S., & Taylor, S. E.., 2011. Social Support: A Review; Oxford University Press. In: Friedman HS, editor. The Handbook of Health Psychology; p. 189–214, Retrieved From: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-01232-009
Hughes (David 2017). Energy without Conscience. . Duke University Press eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822373360
Irman Irman, Silvianetri Silvianetri, et. al (2023). The Effectiveness of the Biblio Counseling Model to Increase the Adversity Quotient of Adolescents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jt.v26i2.10103
Joseph (2008). The Moral Mind: How Five Sets of Innate Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0019 Ta'dib. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f211a936080a248cb5d02ffa0baf87c55370ee99
Keenan, T. (2002). Negative affect predicts performance on an object permanence task. Developmental Science, 5(1), 65–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00210
Konu, T. P., Lintonen, M. K., & Rimpelä, A. (2002). Factors associated with School children's general subjective well-being. Health Education Research, 17(2), 155-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/17.2.155
La Greca, A. M., Dandes, S. K., Wick, P., Shaw, K., & Stone, W. L. (1988). Development of the Social Anxiety Scale for Children: Reliability and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17(1), 84–91.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1701_11
M. Indiana, E. Sagone (2022). Gender positivity in sicilian preadolescents: gender differences in life skills, well-being, and coping strategies. Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2022.n1.v2.2349
Martin-Sölch, Chantal, et. al (2016). The process of institutionalization-deinstitutionalization and children’s psychological adjustment in Rwanda:: Parents matter. Retrieved From: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309413465_The_process_of_institutionalization-deinstitutionalization_and_children%27s_psychological_adjustment_in_Rwanda_Parents_matter
Novelle, Michelle (2016). The availability and role of non-parental identity agents for institutionalized male adolescent social orphans in Colombia: Child and youth services review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.024
O. Abdullah, et al (2021). Gender Differences in Computational Thinking Skills among Malaysian’s Primary School Students using Visual Programming. 2021 International Conference on Software Engineering & Computer Systems and 4th International Conference on Computational Science and Information Management (ICSECS-ICOCSIM). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSECS52883.2021.00125
O. Beauchet, Christine et. al (2014). From industrial research to academic discoveries, toward a new concept of partnership: the Biomathics model. Volume (5). Frontiers in Pharmacology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00166
Okolnycha T et al., (2022). Preserving national identity of Ukrainian higher education in the context of globalization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36690/2733-2039-2022-5-42
Ottawa (1986). First International Conference on Health Promotion. Retrieved From: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/1986/11/21/default-calendar/first-international-conference-on-health-promotion
Orvaschel, H., Beeferman et. al (1997). Depression, self-esteem, sex, and age in a child and adolescent clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 285-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2603_7
Padmaja, Gadiraju & Sushma et. al (2014). Psychosocial problems and well being in institutionalized and non-institutionalized children. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 19. 59-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-191025964
Prajina, (2015). A Study on the Impact of Life Skills on the Academic Achievement Motivation of Tribal Adolescents. Retrieved From: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_issues_pdf/2015/October/October_2015_1444908889__79.pdf
Riahi, M. Verdinia, et. al (2011). He representative concentration pathways: an overview. Climatic Change. This issue. Climatic Change 109(1):5-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z
Rosanne op den Kelder, et. al (2018). Executive functions in trauma-exposed youth: a meta-analysis. Volume(9). European journal of psychotraumatology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1450595
Sakshi Bhardwaj, Sakshi Bhardwaj (2022). Assessment of Traumatic Dental Injuries among Institutionalized Orphan Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Volume (15), 124-127. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1959
Sana Nawaz, Dr. et. al (2023). Resilience as Moderator Between Posttraumatic Stress and Suicidal Ideation among Institutionalized Orphans. Foundation University Journal of Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v7i2.270
Santrock, J.W. (2004). Educational Psychology. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Retrieved From https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-06589-000
Tommaso Fornasari (2022), “Gender Balance Above Corporate Governance Quotas”, International Journal of Social Sciences & Economic Environment, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2022, pp 01–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53882/IJSSEE.2022.0702001
Ule M et al., (2015). Simply the best for my children’: patterns of parental involvement in education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2014.987852
UNICEF, (2015). The State of the World’s Children 2015. Reimagine the future: Innovation for every child. Retrieved From: https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2015
UNICEF. (2012). Adolescence. Retrieved From: 16.6.2016 http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/children_adolescence.html
UNICEF’s (2014). Annual Results Reports outline what the organization set out to do in the first year of its Strategic Plan 2014–2017. Retrieved From: https://www.unicef.org/reports/2014-annual-results-reports
VanLew, Kelly (2018). Attachment Style: How Pre-Adoptive Trauma Influences International Adoptees. Retrieved From: https://core.ac.uk/download/213462638.pdf
Vranda, M., & Rao, M. (2011). Life Skills Education for Young Adolescents and Indian Experience. Journal of The Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37(Special Issue), 9-15. Retrieved From: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293431585_Life_skills_education_for_young_adolescents_-_Indian_experience
Waddoups Anne Bentley, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Kendra Strouf (2019). Developmental Effects of Parent–Child Separation. Volume(1), 387-410. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085142
Whetten, K et al., (2009). A Comparison of the Wellbeing of Orphans and Abandoned Children Ages 6–12 in Institutional and Community-Based Care Settings in 5 Less Wealthy Nations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008169
WHO, (2015). World health statistics 2015. World Health Organization. Retrieved From: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/170250
Yosra Sherif, A. Azman, et. al (2023). Effectiveness of Life Skills Intervention on Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Volume(30), 42 - 59. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2023.30.3.4
Zima, B. T., Wells, et. al (1994). Emotional and behavioral problems and severe academic delays among sheltered homeless children in Los Angeles County. American Journal of Public Health, 84(2), 260-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.84.2.260

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